California

¹ Lown Institute, “Lown Institute Hospitals Index: 2024 Results Fair Share Spending,” Hospitals With Largest Fair Share Deficits, April 2024, https://lownhospitalsindex.org/hospital-fair-share-spending-2024/

² National Public Radio, “Investigation: Many U.S. hospitals sue patients for debts or threaten their credit,” December 2022, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/12/21/1144491711/investigation-many-u-s-hospitals-sue-patients-for-debts-or-threaten-their-credit

³ Innovation for Justice, University of Arizona and the University of Utah, “Medical Debt Policy Scorecard,” October 2021, https://www.medicaldebtpolicyscorecard.org/state/CA

4 Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker, “Access & Affordability: The Burden of Medical Debt in the United States,” February 2024, https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/the-burden-of-medical-debt-in-the-united-states/

⁵ PatientRightsAdvocate.org, “Seventh Semi-Annual Hospital Price Transparency Compliance Report,” November 2024, https://www.patientrightsadvocate.org/seventh-semi-annual-hospital-price-transparency-report-november-2024, pg. 28

⁶ Rand Corporation, “Prices Paid to Hospitals by Private Health Plans: Findings from Round 5.1 of an Employer-Led Transparency Initiative,” December 2024, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1144-2-v2.html

⁷ Los Angeles Times, “Hospitals had to put charity care rules on their websites months ago. Some didn’t do it,” November 29, 2022, https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-11-29/charity-care-posting-requirement-california-hospitals

All data as of December 2024.