North Dakota

¹ PatientRightsAdvocate.org, “Fifth Semi-Annual Hospital Price Transparency Compliance Report,” July 2023, https://www.patientrightsadvocate.org/july-semi-annual-compliance-report-2023, pg. 26. 

² Rand Corporation, “Nationwide Evaluation of Health Care Prices Paid by Private Health Plan: Findings from three Round 4 of an Employer-Led Transparency Initiative,” Supplemental Material, Table 7.28 North Dakota, July 2022, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1144-1.html

³ Innovation for Justice, University of Arizona and the University of Utah, “Medical Debt Policy Scorecard,” May 2022, https://www.medicaldebtpolicyscorecard.org/state/ND

⁴ National Public Radio, “Investigation: Many U.S. hospitals sue patients for debts or threaten their credit,” December 2022, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/12/21/1144491711/investigation-many-u-s-hospitals-sue-patients-for-debts-or-threaten-their-credit

⁵ Lown Institute, “Lown Institute Hospitals Index: 2022 Results Fair Share Spending,” April 2023, https://lownhospitalsindex.org/2023-fair-share-spending/

⁶ Leapfrog Hospital Safety Grade, State Rankings, November 2023, https://www.hospitalsafetygrade.org/your-hospitals-safety-grade/state-rankings.

All data as of December 2023.